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Conflict case studies - Asia
Related to country: Cambodia

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South East Asia
(Cambodia, Indonesia)

South Asia
(India, Nepal, Sri Lanka)

Central Asia
(Central Asian Republics, Afghanistan)


Cambodia
This article provides a chronology of Cambodian conflict from World War II to 2002, including the genocide and the role of the international community in the rise and fall of the Khmer Rouge.

Kiernan B., 2002, 'Conflict in Cambodia, 1945-2002', Critical Asian Studies, 34 (4), pp. 483-495
How did the geo-politics of the Far East, and in particular the policies of the US and China affect the recent history of Cambodia? Why did the United Nations prevaricate about recognising the genocide? While confrontation continues what are the related fates of democracy, the environment, and the rule of law in Cambodia’s development? This chapter from Critical Asian Studies on “Conflict and Change in Cambodia” introduces this investigation by explaining the complex historical background since 1945 and by summarising the other contributions.
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The following two articles question the compatibility of economic liberalisation, advocated by donor agencies, with post-conflict reconstruction and security sector reform in Cambodia.

Hendrickson, D., 2001, 'Globalisation, Insecurity and Post-War Reconstruction: Cambodia's Precarious Transition', IDS Bulletin, vol. 32 no. 2, 2001, pp. 98-106
Taking Cambodia as an example, this article argues that imposing rapid marketisation on a weak political and legal framework can increase socio-economic insecurity among vulnerable groups. Post-war reconstruction focusing on macro-economic stability exacerbated political tensions, while donors' desire to down-size the civil service conflicted with one of the key stabilising features of the first post-war coalition - the integration of members of the two incoming parties into the administration and security apparatus.
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Hendrickson, D., 2001, 'Cambodia's Security-Sector Reforms: Limits of a Downsizing Strategy', Conflict Security and Development, vol. 1, Issue 1, pp. 67-82
The IMF's loan assistance to Cambodia is conditional on economic liberalisation and stabilisation programmes, including a reduction in public spending. Military expenditure was judged excessive and thus a key security sector reform was downsizing. Demobilisation reforms were through the Cambodia Veteran's Assistance Programme (CVAP), re-established by the World Bank in 1999 after political obstacles hindered its implementation in 1994. However, a paper from the Conflict, Security and Development Group argues lessons were not learnt from previous, failed, reform efforts.
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Indonesia
This document takes an empirical approach to considering the nature of communal violence in Indonesia before and after the fall of President Soeharto in 1998.

Varshney, A., Panggabean, R. and Tadjoeddin, M.Z., 2004, 'Patterns of Collective Violence in Indonesia (1990-2003)', United Nations Support Facility for Indonesian Recovery (UNSFIR), Jakarta
Regardless of violent incidents, no systematic reports on conflict have been published by the Indonesian government, which has remained intent on maintaining the appearance of order and stability. How widespread is collective violence? What patterns of can be observed? This paper by the United Nations Support Facility for Indonesian Recovery is based on the first database ever constructed on group violence in Indonesia (in the period 1990-2003), and identifies various national, regional and local patterns of collective violence.
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This IDEA report considers challenges that Indonesia faces in the process of democratisation and identifies key areas for advocacy, policy and reform.

International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2000, 'Democratization in Indonesia: An Assessment', International IDEA: Stockholm
The fall of President Soeharto in 1998 triggered and created opportunity for democratic reform in Indonesia. What are the compelling democratisation issues for the government and the people of Indonesia? What recommendations can be made about the direction of the ongoing reform? This paper, a product of the Forum for Democratic Reform facilitated by the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, identifies the core issues for review and offers extensive recommendations for democratic reform in Indonesia.
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India
Despite the establishment of a secular state on independence, India continues to be troubled by internal inter-religious conflicts. The diverse population of India's Northeastern provinces has witnessed insurgent, secessionist and tribal conflict since its relative isolation from the rest of the country on Independence. This survey details conflict backgrounds, dynamics and official and civil society resolution attempts across the seven 'sister-states' of Northern India.

Sahni, A., 2002, 'Survey of Conflicts and Resolution in India's Northeast', Faultlines: Writings on Conflict and Resolution, Vol 12, South Asia Terrorism Portal and Institute for Conflict Management
India's Northeast has a long history of conflicts, corruption and terrorist violence. How are the conflicts to be defined and what methods of conflict resolution are appropriate? How should development and security be promoted in the region? While there have been several governmental peace initiatives, multi-track diplomacy and non-governmental organisations' peace activities are at an incipient stage. International interventions - direct or indirect - in any conflict resolution processes are not encouraged by the government, though mediated developmental interventions are sanctioned.
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This report reviews one of the most recent and disturbing incidents of communal violence in Gujarat, western India, 2002, including allegations of state collusion and recommendations for action.

Human Rights Watch, 2002, ''We Have No Orders To Save You': State Participation and Complicity in Communal Violence in Gujarat', Human Rights Watch report, 14, No 3 (C)
Communal violence rose in the state of Gujarat following the torching of two train cars carrying Hindu activists in February 2002. This report from Human Rights Watch overviews the fervent attacks, analyses the context of growing Hindu nationalism and state participation in violence, and provides recommendations to local and international powers to restore security and stability in the region
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Nepal
This document provides more detailed background information about the conflict and the 2003 ceasefire.

International Crisis Group, 2003, 'Nepal Backgrounder: Ceasefire - Soft Landing or Strategic Pause?', ICG Asia Report No 50, ICG, Brussels
The announcement of a ‘code of conduct’ which was reached between the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) and the government forces signalled an opportunity for a genuine peace in Nepal. However, each side continued to accuse the other of persistent violations and the situation remains fragile. What are the chances for genuine peace and stability in Nepal? This report by the International Crisis Group lays out the background of the conflict and analyses the positions of the various actors, both domestic and international.
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This brief paper presents an update after the collapse of the 2003 ceasefire.

International Crisis Group, 2003, 'Nepal: Back to the Gun', ICG Asia Briefing Paper October 2003, ICG, Brussels
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Sri Lanka
Twenty years of ethno-political conflict has precipitated insecurity and limited the impact of development across Sri Lanka. This conflict assessment analyses the conflict and resolution attempts in Sri Lanka in order to understand better the links between conflict and donor poverty reduction attempts.

Goodhand, J., 2001, 'Conflict Assessments: Aid, Conflict and Peace Building in Sri Lanka', Conflict, Security and Development Group, University of London, London
Donors increasingly recognise the need to understand better the links between development, conflict and poverty, and to design programmes that address the roots of conflict. This report for the Conflict, Security and Development Group at the University of London analyses how donors could improve their strategies in Sri Lanka, where violent conflict has prevented the country from reaching its potential.
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The following paper draws lessons from recent peace process attempts to make recommendations to all stakeholders for successful future peace negotiations.

Ferdinands, T., Rupesinghe, K., Saravanamutthu, et al., 2004, 'The Sri Lanka Peace Process at a Crossroads: Lessons, Opportunities and Ideas for Principled Negotiations and Conflict Transformation', Centre for Policy Alternatives, Colombo
The Government of Sri Lanka (GoSL) and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) need a negotiated settlement to the island's ethno-political conflict. There have been more than five decades of conflict for a more inclusive state and nearly two decades of civil war. What lessons, opportunities and ideas came from the Oslo Communiqué that could enhance the next phase of the peace process? Five authors, employed by Non-governmental organisations working in Sri Lanka, wrote this discussion document in a personal capacity.
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Central Asian Republics
The short history of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan since the demise of the Soviet Union has been turbulent, and the future appears unsettled. The region is troubled by ethnic tensions, border disputes, poverty and natural resource shortages. This report focuses on border disputes as a potential source of conflict.

International Crisis Group, 2002, 'Central Asia: Border Disputes and Conflict Potential', ICG Asia Report No 33, ICG, Osh/Brussels
How can peaceful resolution of border disputes be achieved? What would the benefits be? This study by the International Crisis Group describes how the borders of the states of Central Asia, drawn up by the Soviets in 1920s, often followed neither natural geographic boundaries nor strict ethnic lines. For independent states these international borders create considerable conflict. Following a decade of mainly antagonistic attempts to re-define them and resolve the conflicts, this report suggests alternative ways to proceed.
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This report explores state relations with Islam in case studies from Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and the potential this raises for instability.

International Crisis Group, 2003, 'Central Asia: Islam and the State', ICG Asia Report No 59, ICG, Osh/Brussels
To avoid future instability, Central Asian states need to re-examine their policies towards Islam. This report from the International Crisis Group looks at Islam in Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. It argues that these governments need to undermine support for extremist groups through policies of political liberalisation, economic reform and effective governance.
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The following report is the first of a series of case studies on the Global Conflict Prevention Pool, covering Chechnya, Georgia and Kyrgyzstan.

Austin, G. and Bergne, P., 2004, 'Russia and the Former Soviet Union', Evaluation of the Conflict Prevention Pools Case Study, DFID
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Vaux, T., and Goodhand, J., 2001, 'Conflict Assessments: Disturbing Connections: Aid and Conflict in Kyrgyzstan', The Conflict, Security and Development Group, University of London, London
How do development assistance and conflict dynamics interact in Central Asia? This report, published by the Conflict, Security and Development Group at the University of London, looks at sources of conflict in Kyrgyzstan from the viewpoint of the aid donor. It analyses how development policy and practice could be made more sensitive to the dynamics of conflict and peace.
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Cramer, C. and Goodhand, J., 2002, 'Try Again, Fail Again, Fail Better? War, the State and the 'Post-Conflict' Challenge in Afghanistan', Development and Change, vol. 33, no. 5, pp.885-909
Peace and reconstruction in Afghanistan require a significant expansion of institutionalised economic interdependence. This must build on existing patterns of interdependence, despite these being forged in a war economy. The article argues that an effective, centralised state, with a clear monopoly of violence, is necessary. This argument challenges standard international policy paradigms of reconstruction and points to an alternative basis for international engagement in Afghanistan.
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Afghanistan
The recent history of Afghanistan is narrated by religious based conflict, most recently punctuated by the US attack against the Taliban regime. This essay provides an historical and political analysis of conflict and state formation in Afghanistan in order to inform future international engagement.

Strategies for peace-building in Afghanistan were articulated in Bonn in 2001. Responding to the Bonn Agreement, this paper advocates a long-term perspective on peace-building and reconstruction in Afghanistan.

Wimmer, A. and Schetter, C. 2002, 'State - Formation First: Recommendations for Reconstruction and Peace-Making in Afghanistan', Journal of International Development, Volume 15, Issue 5 , pp. 525 - 539
This discussion paper recommends revisions of the programme for reconstruction and peace-making in Afghanistan, as defined at conferences in Bonn and Tokyo. The programme needs to take a more long-term perspective; have a clearer strategic vision and be better adapted to Afghanistan's situation. It must be designed to overcome political fractures through state-building rather than through 'civil society', the current focus of development policies. Recent Security Council decisions are moving in the right direction, opting for aid to be coordinated through the transitional government and suitable local authorities rather than a special UN organisation.

This report critically assesses the progress in peace-building and reconstruction two years after Bonn, and considers the policy agenda that lies ahead.

Suhrke, A., Harpviken, K.B. and Strand, A., 2004, 'Conflictual Peacebuilding: Afghanistan Two Years after Bonn', Chr. Michelsen Institute (CMI), Norway
The Bonn Agreement established a transitional regime for Afghanistan. How far has peace-building progressed after two decades of conflict? Have the strategies been right? This paper from the Chr. Michelsen Institute (CMI), Norway reviews the developments since Bonn. It recommends new guidelines for peace-building strategies and a more specific role for Norway’s involvement in Afghanistan.


February 21, 2008 | 9:41 AM Comments  0 comments

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