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Influx of Pakistani refugees could spark crisis – ministry official About this event: World Environmental Day Competition Related to country: Afghanistan About the book: "From the Barrel of a Gun: The United States and the War against Zimbabwe, 1965-1980" available in: English (original) \| French \| Spanish \| Italian \| German \| Portuguese \| Swedish \| Russian \| Dutch \| Arabic
KABUL, 6 October 2008 (Reporter) - Any increase in the flow of refugees from northwestern Pakistan into eastern parts of Afghanistan could lead to a humanitarian crisis unless international aid organisations deliver urgent assistance, a senior official at Afghanistan's Ministry of Refugees and Returnees Affairs (MoRRA) has said. "We are deeply concerned about insecurity in the Tribal Areas [of Pakistan] and the influx of Pakistani refugees into Afghanistan," Abdul Qader Ahadi, deputy minister in the MoRRA, told Reporter in Kabul on 5 October. The UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) said over 3,900 families (about 20,000 individuals) had abandoned their homes in the Bajaur Agency of Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and sought refuge in Afghanistan's eastern province of Kunar over the past few weeks. The Afghan government's warning echoes similar concerns raised by others. "The continued fighting in southern Afghanistan and the more recent conflict in northern Pakistan are creating a very dangerous situation in the region for civilians trying to find refuge. With the end of the Muslim holy month of Ramadan, there is an expectation that even more civilians will leave their homes to avoid the fighting," Amnesty International said in a statement on 3 October. Afghan refugees in FATA? Armed clashes between Pakistani security forces and Islamist militants associated with the Taliban in FATA and elsewhere in Pakistan have affected local people and Afghan refugees living there, aid agencies said. In a bid to clear the FATA of Islamist insurgents, the Pakistani government on 3 October reportedly called on Afghan refugees living in the Bajaur border region to vacate the area within three days. Nader Farhad, a spokesman for the UNHCR in Kabul, said there were no confirmed reports of "registered Afghan refugees" living in the volatile Tribal Areas. "UNHCR does not have access to the Tribal Areas and we are not aware of registered Afghan refugees there," Farhad told Reporter, adding that refugee camps in FATA were closed down in 2005 at the request of the Pakistani government. "We have requested the Pakistani authorities to ensure that registered refugees who may still live in the FATA are not forced to return to Afghanistan," Farhad said, adding that the option to relocate elsewhere in Pakistan must be made available to refugees. Both MoRRA and the UNHCR said any unregistered Afghans living in the FATA might be deemed eligible for forced deportation. Humanitarian response Afghan government bodies and several aid organisations, such as the International Committee of the Red Cross, have delivered food and non-food assistance to some Pakistani refugees in Kunar Province, the MoRRA said. No figures were available. The UNHCR said it had distributed non-food items such as plastic sheets, blankets, jerry cans and lanterns to families and was coordinating aid activities for the Pakistani refugees. L'afflux des réfugiés pakistanais a pu étinceler crise - fonctionnaire de ministère Automatically translated into French thanks to WorldLingo KABOUL, 6 octobre 2008 (journaliste) - n'importe quelle augmentation de l'écoulement des réfugiés du Pakistan du nord-ouest dans les régions orientales de l'Afghanistan pourrait mener à une crise humanitaire à moins que les organismes internationaux d'aide fournissent l'aide pressante, un haut fonctionnaire au ministère de l'Afghanistan des réfugiés et les affaires de réfugiés (MoRRA) a indiqué. « Nous sommes profondément préoccupés par l'insécurité dans les régions tribales [du Pakistan] et l'afflux des réfugiés pakistanais en l'Afghanistan, » Abdul Qader Ahadi, ministre de député dans le MoRRA, dit le journaliste à Kaboul le 5 octobre. L'agence de réfugié de l'ONU (UNHCR) dite plus de 3.900 familles (environ 20.000 individus) avait abandonné leurs maisons à l'agence de Bajaur des régions tribales fédéralement administrées du Pakistan (FATA) et a cherché le refuge dans la province orientale de l'Afghanistan de Kunar au cours des dernières semaines. Les soucis semblables des échos d'avertissement du gouvernement afghan ont augmenté par d'autres. « Le combat continué en Afghanistan méridional et le conflit plus récent au Pakistan nordique créent une situation très dangereuse dans la région pour des civils essayant de trouver le refuge. Avec la fin du mois saint musulman de Ramadan, il y a une espérance que bien plus de civils laisseront leurs maisons pour éviter le combat, « dit international d'amnistie dans un rapport le 3 octobre. Réfugiés afghans dans FATA ? Les désaccords armés entre les forces pakistanaises de sécurité et les militants islamistes se sont associés au Taliban dans FATA et ailleurs au Pakistan ont affecté les personnes locales et les réfugiés afghans vivant là, des agences d'aide dites. Afin de dégager le FATA des insurgés islamistes, le gouvernement pakistanais le 3 octobre a censément invité les réfugiés afghans vivant dans la région de frontière de Bajaur pour évacuer le secteur dans les trois jours. Nader Farhad, un porte-parole pour l'UNHCR à Kaboul, a dit qu'il n'y avait aucun rapport confirmé « des réfugiés afghans enregistrés » vivant dans les secteurs tribaux volatils. Le « UNHCR n'a pas accès aux secteurs tribaux et nous ne nous rendons pas compte des réfugiés afghans enregistrés là, » journaliste dit par Farhad, ajoutant que des camps de réfugié dans FATA ont été fermés en 2005 sur demande du gouvernement pakistanais. « Nous avons invité les autorités pakistanaises pour assurer que des réfugiés enregistrés qui peuvent de phase encore dans le FATA ne sont pas forcés de retourner en Afghanistan, » Farhad dit, ajoutant que l'option à replacer ailleurs au Pakistan doit être rendue disponible aux réfugiés. MoRRA et l'UNHCR dit tous les Afghans non inscrits vivant dans le FATA pourraient être considérés habilité à la déportation obligatoire. Les corps afghans et plusieurs de gouvernement de réponse humanitaire facilitent des organismes, tels que le Comité international de la croix rouge, ont fourni la nourriture et l'aide non-alimentaire à quelques réfugiés pakistanais dans la province de Kunar, le MoRRA dit. Aucune figure n'était disponible. L'UNHCR a indiqué qu'il avait distribué les articles non-alimentaires tels que les feuilles en plastique, les couvertures, les bidons jerry et les lanternes aux familles et coordinating des activités d'aide pour les réfugiés pakistanais. La afluencia de refugiados paquistaníes podía chispear crisis - funcionario del ministerio Automatically translated into Spanish thanks to WorldLingo KABUL, 6 de octubre de 2008 (reportero) - cualquier aumento en el flujo de refugiados de Paquistán del noroeste en partes del este de Afganistán podría conducir a una crisis humanitaria a menos que las organizaciones internacionales de la ayuda entreguen ayuda urgente, alto funcionario en el ministerio de Afganistán de refugiados y los asuntos de Returnees (MoRRA) han dicho. “Nos referimos profundamente sobre inseguridad en las áreas tribales [de Paquistán] y la afluencia de refugiados paquistaníes en Afganistán,” Abdul Qader Ahadi, ministro del diputado en el MoRRA, dicho el reportero en Kabul el 5 de octubre. La agencia del refugiado de la O.N.U (UNHCR) dicha sobre 3.900 familias (cerca de 20.000 individuos) había abandonado sus hogares en la agencia de Bajaur de las áreas tribales federal administradas de Paquistán (FATA) y buscó el refugio en la provincia del este de Afganistán del excedente de Kunar el pasado pocas semanas. Las preocupaciones similares de los ecos amonestadores del gobierno afgano levantaron por otras. “El luchar continuado en Afganistán meridional y el conflicto más reciente en Paquistán norteño están creando una situación muy peligrosa en la región para los civiles que intentan encontrar el refugio. Con el final del mes santo musulmán de Ramadan, hay una expectativa que aún más civiles saldrán de sus hogares para evitar luchar, “dicho de la Amnistía Internacional en una declaración el 3 de octubre. ¿Refugiados afganos en FATA? Los choques armados entre las fuerzas de la seguridad y los militants paquistaníes de Islamist se asociaron al Taliban en FATA y a otra parte en Paquistán han afectado a la gente local y a refugiados afganos que vivían allí, las agencias de la ayuda dichas. A fin de despejar el FATA de los insurrectos de Islamist, el gobierno paquistaní invitó el 3 de octubre según se informa a refugiados afganos que vivían en la región de la frontera de Bajaur para desocupar el área en el plazo de tres días. Nader Farhad, portavoz para el UNHCR en Kabul, dijo que no había informes confirmados de los “refugiados afganos registrados” que vivían en las áreas tribales volátiles. “UNHCR no tiene acceso a las áreas tribales y no estamos enterados de refugiados afganos registrados allí,” reportero dicho Farhad, agregando que los campos del refugiado en FATA fueran cerrados abajo en 2005 a petición del gobierno paquistaní. “Hemos solicitado las autoridades paquistaníes para asegurar que no fuerzan a los refugiados registrados que pueden vivo inmóvil en el FATA volver a Afganistán,” de Farhad dicho, agregando que la opción a volver a poner a otra parte en Paquistán se debe poner a disposición los refugiados. MoRRA y el UNHCR dicho cualquier afgano sin registrar que vivía en el FATA se pudieron juzgar elegible para la deportación forzada. Los cuerpos afganos y varios del gobierno de la respuesta humanitaria ayudan a organizaciones, tales como el comité internacional de la Cruz Roja, han entregado el alimento y la ayuda no alimenticia a algunos refugiados paquistaníes en la provincia de Kunar, el MoRRA dicho. No hay figuras disponibles. El UNHCR dijo que había distribuido artículos no alimenticios tales como hojas plásticas, mantas, latas jerry y linternas a las familias y que coordinating las actividades de la ayuda para los refugiados paquistaníes. L'afflusso dei rifugiati pakistani ha potuto scintillare crisi - funzionario di ministero Automatically translated into Italian thanks to WorldLingo CABUL, 6 ottobre 2008 (reporter) - tutto l'aumento nel flusso dei rifugiati dal Pakistan nordoccidentale nelle zone orientali dell'Afghanistan potrebbe condurre ad una crisi umanitaria a meno che le organizzazioni internazionali del sussidio trasportassero l'assistenza urgente, un funzionario al Ministero dell'Afghanistan dei rifugiati e gli affari di Returnees (MoRRA) ha detto. “Profondamente siamo interessati circa insicurezza nelle regioni tribali [del Pakistan] e l'afflusso dei rifugiati pakistani in Afghanistan,„ Abdul Qader Ahadi, ministro del delegato nel MoRRA, detto al reporter a Cabul il 5 ottobre. L'agenzia del rifugiato di NU (UNHCR) detta oltre 3.900 famiglie (circa 20.000 individui) aveva abbandonato le loro sedi nell'agenzia di Bajaur delle zone tribali federalmente amministrate del Pakistan (FATA) ed ha cercato il rifugio nella provincia orientale dell'Afghanistan di Kunar sopra le settimane ultime. Le preoccupazioni simili di echi d'avvertimento del governo afgano si sono alzate di altre. “Il combattimento continuato nell'Afghanistan del sud ed il conflitto più recente nel Pakistan del Nord stanno generando una situazione molto pericolosa nella regione per i civili che provano a trovare il rifugio. Con la conclusione del mese santo musulmano di Ramadan, ci è un'aspettativa che ancor più civili lasceranno le loro sedi per evitare il combattimento, “detto internazionale di amnistia in una dichiarazione il 3 ottobre. Rifugiati afgani in FATA? Munito si scontra fra le forze pakistane di sicurezza ed i militanti islamici connessi con il Taliban in FATA ed altrove nel Pakistan hanno interessato la gente locale ed i rifugiati afgani che vivono là, agenzie del sussidio dette. Allo scopo di eliminare il FATA dei insurgents islamici, il governo pakistano il 3 ottobre secondo come riferito ha invitato i rifugiati afgani che vivono nella regione del bordo di Bajaur per sgomberare la zona in tre giorni. Nader Farhad, un portavoce per il UNHCR a Cabul, ad esempio che non ci erano rapporti confermati “dei rifugiati afgani registrati„ che vivono nelle zone tribali volatili. “UNHCR non ha accesso alle zone tribali e non siamo informati dei rifugiati afgani registrati là,„ reporter detto a Farhad, aggiungente che gli accampamenti del rifugiato in FATA siano stati basso chiuso in 2005 su richiesta del governo pakistano. “Abbiamo invitato le autorità pakistane per accertare che i rifugiati registrati che possono in tensione ancora nel FATA non fossero costretti a rinviare nell'Afghanistan,„ Farhad detto, aggiungente che l'opzione da riassegnare altrove nel Pakistan deve essere messa a disposizione dei rifugiati. Sia MoRRA che il UNHCR detto tutti gli afgani unregistered che vivono nel FATA hanno potuto essere ritenuti eleggibile per la deportazione forzata. Gli enti afgani e vari di governo di risposta umanitaria aiutano le organizzazioni, quale il comitato internazionale della croce rossa, hanno trasportato l'alimento e l'assistenza non-alimentare ad alcuni rifugiati pakistani nella provincia di Kunar, il MoRRA detto. Non ci erano figure disponibili. Il UNHCR ha detto che aveva distribuito gli articoli non-alimentari quali i fogli di plastica, le coperte, le latte jerry e le lanterne alle famiglie e coordinating le attività del sussidio per i rifugiati pakistani. Zufluß der pakistanischen Flüchtlinge konnte funken Krise - Ministeriumbeamter Automatically translated into German thanks to WorldLingo KABUL, 6. Oktober 2008 (Reporter) - jede mögliche Zunahme des Flusses der Flüchtlinge von nordwestlichem Pakistan in östliche Teile von Afghanistan könnte zu eine humanitäre Krise, es sei denn internationale Hilfsmittelorganisationen dringende Unterstützung, liefern einen höheren Beamten führen am Ministerium Afghanistans der Flüchtlinge und Returnees Angelegenheiten (MoRRA) hat gesagt. „Wir werden tief über Unsicherheit in den Stammes- Bereichen [von Pakistan] und den Zufluß der pakistanischen Flüchtlinge in Afghanistan,“ Abdul Qader Ahadi, Abgeordnetminister im MoRRA betroffen, Reporter in Kabul am 5. Oktober erklärt. Die UNO Flüchtling-Agentur (UNHCR) gesagt über 3.900 Familien (ungefähr 20.000 Einzelpersonen) hatte ihre Häuser in der Bajaur Agentur von Pakistans föderativ ausgeübten Stammes- Bereichen (FATA) verlassen und Schutz Afghanistans in der östlichen Provinz von Kunar über den letzten Wochen suchte. Die afghanischen ähnlichen Interessen der warnenden Echos der Regierung hoben durch andere an. „Das anhaltende Kämpfen in Südafghanistan und der neuere Konflikt in Nordpakistan verursachen eine sehr gefährliche Situation in der Region für die Zivilisten, die versuchen, Schutz zu finden. Mit dem Ende des moslemischen heiligen Monats von Ramadan, gibt es eine Erwartung, daß sogar noch mehr Zivilisten ihre Häuser verlassen, um das Kämpfen zu vermeiden, „internationales besagtes der Amnestie in einer Aussage am 3. Oktober. Afghanische Flüchtlinge in FATA? Bewaffnetes Zusammentreffen zwischen pakistanischen Sicherheit Kräften und Islamist militants verband mit dem Taliban in FATA und anderwohin in Pakistan hat lokale Leute und afghanischen die Flüchtlinge beeinflußt, die dort leben, die gesagten Hilfsmittelagenturen. Um das FATA von den Islamist Rebellen zu löschen, ersuchte die pakistanische Regierung am 3. Oktober angeblich um die afghanischen Flüchtlinge, die in der Bajaur Randregion leben um den Bereich innerhalb drei Tage zu räumen. Nader Farhad, ein Wortführer für das UNHCR in Kabul, sagte, daß es keine bestätigten Reports „der eingetragenen afghanischen Flüchtlinge gab“, die in den löschbaren Stammes- Bereichen leben. „UNHCR hat nicht Zugang zu den Stammes- Bereichen und wir berücksichtigen nicht eingetragene afghanische Flüchtlinge dort,“ der Farhad erklärte Reporter und addieren, daß Flüchtlinglager in FATA unten 2005 auf Bitten von der pakistanischen Regierung geschlossen wurden. „Wir haben um die pakistanischen Behörden gebeten, um, daß eingetragene Flüchtlinge, die ruhiges Phasen im FATA können, nicht, gezwungen werden nach Afghanistan zurückzukommen,“ Farhad sicherzustellen, das gesagt wird und addiert worden, daß die in Pakistan anderwohin zu verlagern Wahl, gemacht werden muß zugänglich für Flüchtlinge. konnten MoRRA und das UNHCR, das alle nicht registrierten Afghanen leben im FATA besagt ist, geeignet gemeint werden für Zwangszwangsverschickung. Humanitäres Warte unterstützen afghanische Regierung Körper und mehrere Organisationen, wie der internationale Ausschuß des roten Kreuzes, haben Nahrung und Nichtlebensmittelunterstützung an einige pakistanische Flüchtlinge in der Kunar Provinz geliefert, das gesagte MoRRA. Keine Abbildungen waren vorhanden. Das UNHCR sagte, daß es hatte Nichtlebensmitteleinzelteile wie Plastikblätter, Decken, jerry Dosen und Laternen auf Familien verteilt und Hilfsmitteltätigkeiten für die pakistanischen Flüchtlinge coordinating. O Influx de refugees Pakistani podia acender crise - oficial do ministry Automatically translated into Portuguese thanks to WorldLingo KABUL, 6 outubro 2008 (repórter) - todo o aumento no fluxo dos refugees de Paquistão do noroeste em partes orientais de Afeganistão poderia conduzir a uma crise humanitária a menos que as organizações internacionais do dae (dispositivo automático de entrada) entregassem o auxílio urgente, um oficial sênior no Ministry de Afeganistão dos Refugees e os casos de Returnees (MoRRA) disseram. “Nós somos concernidos profundamente sobre o insecurity nas áreas tribais [de Paquistão] e o influx de refugees Pakistani em Afeganistão,” Abdul Qader Ahadi, ministro do deputado no MoRRA, dito o repórter em Kabul em 5 outubro. A agência do Refugee dos UN (UNHCR) dita sobre 3.900 famílias (aproximadamente 20.000 indivíduos) tinha abandonado seus repousos na agência de Bajaur das áreas tribais federal administradas de Paquistão (FATA) e procurou o refúgio na província oriental de Afeganistão do excesso de Kunar o passado poucas semanas. Os interesses similares dos ecos de advertência do governo Afghan levantaram por outros. “A luta continuada em Afeganistão do sul e o conflito mais recente em Paquistão do norte estão criando uma situação muito perigosa na região para os civis que tentam encontrar o refúgio. Com o fim do mês holy muçulmano de Ramadan, há uma expectativa que ainda mais civis sairão de seus repousos para evitar a luta, do “dito internacional Amnesty em uma indicação em 3 outubro. Refugees Afghan em FATA? Os clashes armados entre forças Pakistani da segurança e os militants de Islamist associados com o Taliban em FATA e em outra parte em Paquistão afetaram povos locais e os refugees Afghan que vivem lá, as agências do dae (dispositivo automático de entrada) ditas. Em uma oferta para cancelar o FATA de insurgents de Islamist, o governo Pakistani em 3 outubro convidou reportedly os refugees Afghan que vivem na região da beira de Bajaur para vacate a área dentro de três dias. Nader Farhad, um spokesman para o UNHCR em Kabul, disse que não havia nenhum relatório confirmado “dos refugees Afghan registados” que vivem nas áreas tribais temporárias. “UNHCR não tem o acesso às áreas tribais e nós não estamos cientes de refugees Afghan registados lá,” repórter dito Farhad, adicionando que os acampamentos do refugee em FATA estiveram fechados para baixo em 2005 no pedido do governo Pakistani. “Nós pedimos as autoridades Pakistani para assegurar de que os refugees registados que podem vivo imóvel no FATA não estivessem forçados a retornar a Afeganistão,” Farhad dito, adicionando que a opção a relocate em outra parte em Paquistão deve ser feita disponível aos refugees. MoRRA e o UNHCR dito todos os Afghans unregistered que vivem no FATA puderam ser julgados elegível para deportação forçada. Os corpos Afghan e diversos do governo da resposta humanitária ajudam a organizações, tais como o comitê internacional da cruz vermelha, entregaram o alimento e o auxílio non-food a alguns refugees Pakistani na província de Kunar, o MoRRA dito. Nenhuma figura estava disponível. O UNHCR disse que tinha distribuído artigos non-food tais como folhas plásticas, cobertores, latas jerry e lanternas às famílias e coordinating atividades do dae (dispositivo automático de entrada) para os refugees Pakistani. Tillströmning av pakistanska flyktingar kunde gnista krisen - departementrepresentant Automatically translated into Swedish thanks to WorldLingo KABUL 6 Oktober 2008 (reporter) - någon förhöjning i flödet av flyktingar från nordvästliga Pakistan in i östliga delar av Afghanistan kunde leda till en humanitär kris, om inte landskampen bistår organisationar levererar akut hjälp, en hög tjänsteman på Afghanistan departement av flyktingar, och Returnees angelägenheter (MoRRA) har sagt. ”Angå vi djupt om osäkerhet i [de pakistanska] stam- områdena och tillströmningen av pakistanska flyktingar in i Afghanistan,” Abdul Qader Ahadi, ställföreträdande minister i MoRRAen som berättas reporter i Kabul på 5 Oktober. Un-flyktingbyrån (UNHCR) som sades över 3.900 familjer (omkring 20.000 individer) hade övergett deras hem i den Bajaur byrån av Pakistan Federally administrerade stam- områden (FATA) och sökte fristaden i Afghanistan östliga landskap av Kunar över de förgångna få veckorna. Afghanska regering varning ekar liknande bekymmer som lyfts av andra. ”Skapar den fortsatte stridigheten i sydliga Afghanistan och den nyare konflikten i nordliga Pakistan ett mycket farligt läge i regionen för prövas civilister för att finna fristaden. Med avsluta av den Muslim heliga månaden av Ramadan finns det en förväntan, som även mer ska civilister lämnar deras hem för att undvika stridigheten, ”amnestilandskampen som sägs i ett meddelande på 3 Oktober. Afghanska flyktingar i FATA? Beväpnade sammandrabbningar mellan pakistanska säkerhetsstyrkor och Islamist kämpar som är tillhörande med Talibanen i FATA och någon annanstans i Pakistan, har påverkat lokalfolk, och afghanska flyktingar som där bor, bistår sagda byråer. I ett anbud som görar klar FATAEN av Islamist revoltörer, gränsar den pakistanska regeringen på 3 Oktober som enligt rapporten kallas på afghanska flyktingar som bor i Bajauren, region för att tömma området inom tre dagar. Nader Farhad, en talesman för UNHCREN i Kabul, sade att det inte fanns några bekräftade rapporter av ”registreringsafghanska flyktingar” som bor i de stam- områdena för flyktigt ämne. ”Har UNHCR inte att ta fram till de stam- områdena, och vi är inte medvetna av registreringsafghanska flyktingar där,” den Farhad berättade reporter som tillfogar att flyktingläger i FATA var stängda besegrar i 2005 på förfråganen av den pakistanska regeringen. ”Har vi bett de pakistanska myndigheterna för att se till, att registreringsflyktingar, som kan stilla direkt i FATAEN inte tvingas för att gå tillbaka till Afghanistan,” sagda som Farhad tillfogar att alternativet som ska förflyttas någon annanstans i Pakistan måste göras tillgängligt till flyktingar. Både MoRRA och den said UNHCREN några unregistered Afghans som bor i FATAEN, kan ansas valbart för tvungen utvisning. Förkroppsligar den afghanska regeringen för det humanitära svaret, och flera bistår organisationar, liksom landskampkommittén av Röda koret, har levererat mat och non-food hjälp till några pakistanska flyktingar i det Kunar landskapet, den sagda MoRRAen. Inget figurerar var tillgängligt. UNHCREN sade att den hade utdelade non-food objekt liksom plast- täcker, filtar, jerry cans och lyktor till familjer och coordinating bistår aktiviteter för de pakistanska flyktingarna. Приток пакистанских беженцев был в состоянии искриться кризис - должностное лицо министерства Automatically translated into Russian thanks to WorldLingo KABUL, 6-ое октября 2008 (репортер) - любое увеличение в подаче беженцев от северозападного Пакистана в восточные части Афганистана смог вести к гуманитарному кризису если международные организации помощи не поставить срочную помощь, старшему должностному лицу на министерстве Афганистана беженцев и дела Returnees (MoRRA) говорили. «Мы глубоки отнесены о необеспеченности в соплеменных OBLASTях [Пакистана] и притоке пакистанских беженцев в Афганистан,» Abdul Qader Ahadi, министр депутата в MoRRA, сказанном репортера в Kabul 5-ого октября. Агенство беженца ООН (UNHCR) сказанное над 3.900 семьями (около 20.000 индивидуалами) покинуло их дома в агенстве Bajaur OBLASTей Пакистана федерально Administered соплеменных (FATA) и изыскивало убежище в провинции Афганистана восточной Kunar над past few неделями. Заботы warning отголосков афганского правительства подобные подняли другими. «Продолжаемый воевать в южном Афганистане и более недавний конфликт в северном Пакистане создают очень опасную обстановку в зоне для civilians пытаясь найти убежище. С концом мусульманского святейшего месяца Ramadan, будет ожиданность что even more civilians выйдут их дома для избежания воевать, «сказанное амнистии международное в заявлении 3-его октября. Афганские беженцы в FATA? Вооруженные стычки между пакистанскими силами безопасности и militants Islamist связали с Taliban в FATA и в другом месте в Пакистане влияли на местные людей и афганские беженцев живя там, сказанные агенства помощи. Для того чтобы освободить FATA бунтарей Islamist, пакистанское правительство 3-его октября сообщено call on афганские беженцы живя в зоне граници Bajaur для того чтобы vacate зона не познее 3 дня. Nader Farhad, оратор для UNHCR в Kabul, сказало не было подтверженных рапортов «зарегистрированных афганских беженцев» живя в испаряющих соплеменных OBLASTях. «UNHCR не имеет доступ к соплеменным OBLASTям и мы не осведомленны зарегистрированных афганских беженцев там,» репортер сказанный Farhad, добавляя что лагеря беженцев в FATA были закрыны вниз в 2005 по запросу пакистанского правительства. «Мы спрашивали пакистанские авторитеты для того чтобы обеспечить что зарегистрированные беженцы могут неподвижное в реальном маштабе времени в FATA не принуждаются возвратить к Афганистану,» сказанное Farhad, добавляя что вариант, котор нужно передислоцировать в другом месте в Пакистане необходимо сделать имеющеся к беженцам. И MoRRA и UNHCR сказанное VSе unregistered афганцы живя в FATA могли быть посчитаны подходящ для forced угона. Органы власти и несколько гуманитарной реакции афганские помогают организациям, such as Международный комитет Красного Креста, поставляли еду и non-food помощь к некоторым пакистанским беженцам в провинции Kunar, сказанном MoRRA. Никакие рисунки не были имеющимися. UNHCR сказало оно распределило non-food детали such as пластичные листы, одеяла, jerry чонсервные банкы и фонарики к семьям и coordinating деятельности при помощи для пакистанских беженцев. De toevloed van Pakistaanse vluchtelingen kon crisis vonken - ministerieambtenaar Automatically translated into Dutch thanks to WorldLingo KABOEL, 6 Oktober 2008 (Verslaggever) - Om het even welke verhoging van de stroom van vluchtelingen van noordwestelijk Pakistan in oostelijke delen van Afghanistan kon tot een humanitaire crisis leiden tenzij de internationale hulporganisaties dringende hulp leveren, heeft een hogere ambtenaar bij het Ministerie van Afghanistan van de Zaken van Vluchtelingen en van Teruggekomenen (MoRRA) gezegd. „Wij zijn diep bezorgd over onzekerheid op het StammenGebied [van Pakistan] en de toevloed van Pakistaanse vluchtelingen in Afghanistan,“ Abdul Qader Ahadi, afgevaardigdeminister in MoRRA, vertelde Verslaggever in Kaboel op 5 Oktober. Het agentschap van de Vluchteling van de V.N. (UNHCR) zei meer dan 3.900 families (ongeveer 20.000 individuen) hun huizen in het Bureau Bajaur van federaal Beheerd van Pakistan StammenGebieden (FATA) en gezocht toevluchtsoord in de oostelijke provincie van Afghanistan van Kunar in de loop van de afgelopen weken hadden verlaten. De waarschuwing van de Afghaanse overheid weergalmt gelijkaardige zorgen die door anderen worden opgeheven. „Het voortdurende vechten in zuidelijk Afghanistan en het recentere conflict in noordelijk Pakistan leiden tot een zeer gevaarlijke situatie in het gebied voor burgers die toevluchtsoord proberen te vinden. Met het eind van de Moslim heilige maand van Ramadan, is er een verwachting dat zelfs nog meer burgers hun huizen zullen verlaten om het vechten te vermijden, „aan Internationaal amnestie verlenen bovengenoemd in een verklaring op 3 Oktober. Afghaanse vluchtelingen in FATA? De bewapende conflicten tussen Pakistaanse veiligheidskrachten en militanten Islamist verbonden aan Taliban in FATA en elders in Pakistan hebben lokale mensen beïnvloed en Afghaanse vluchtelingen die, bovengenoemde hulpagentschappen daar leven. om FATA van Islamist te ontruimen insurgents, nodigde de Pakistaanse overheid op 3 Oktober naar verluidt Afghaanse vluchtelingen uit die in het Bajaur grensgebied leven om het gebied binnen drie dagen vrij te maken. Nader Farhad, een woordvoerder voor UNHCR in daar bovengenoemd Kaboel, was geen bevestigde rapporten van „geregistreerde Afghaanse vluchtelingen“ levend in de vluchtige StammenGebieden. „UNHCR heeft geen toegang tot de StammenGebieden en wij zijn niet ons bewust daar van geregistreerde Afghaanse vluchtelingen,“ Farhad vertelde Verslaggever toevoegt, die dat de vluchtelingskampen in FATA in 2005 op verzoek van de Pakistaanse overheid werden gesloten. „Wij hebben de Pakistaanse overheid verzocht om ervoor te zorgen dat de geregistreerde vluchtelingen die nog in FATA kunnen leven niet om aan Afghanistan worden gedwongen terug te keren,“ bovengenoemde Farhad, toevoegend dat de optie om zich elders in Pakistan opnieuw te vestigen van vluchtelingen moet worden ter beschikking gesteld. Zowel zeiden MoRRA als UNHCR om het even welke niet geregistreerde Afghanen die in FATA leven voor gedwongen deportatie zouden kunnen in aanmerking komend worden geacht. De humanitaire reactie Afghaanse overheidsinstellingen en verscheidene hulporganisaties, zoals het Internationale Comité van het Rode Kruis, hebben voedsel en oneetbare hulp aan sommige Pakistaanse vluchtelingen in Kunar Provincie geleverd, bovengenoemde MoRRA. Geen cijfers waren beschikbaar. UNHCR zei het oneetbare punten zoals de plastic bladen, dekens, blikken van Jerry en lantaarns aan families had verdeeld en hulpactiviteiten voor de Pakistaanse vluchtelingen gecoördineerd. تدفق من لاجئ باكستانيّ استطاع نشّطت أزمة - وزارة مسؤولة Automatically translated into Arabic thanks to WorldLingo كابول, 6 أكتوبر - تشرين الأوّل 2008 (مراسلة) - أيّ زيادة في الدفق اللاجئ من باكستان شماليّ غربيّ داخل أجزاء شرقيّة أفغانستان استطاع قدت إلى أزمة إنسانيّة ما لم دوليّة معونة منظمات يسلّمون مساندة ملحّة, مسؤول كبير في أفغانستان وزارة اللاجئ و [رتثرنيس] قد قال شؤون ([مورّا]). "تعلّقت نحن بعمق حول إختلال أمن في المناطق قبليّة [من باكستان] والتدفق من لاجئ باكستانيّ داخل أفغانستان," [أبدول] [قدر] [أهدي], نائبة وزير في [مورّا], يقال مراسلة في كابول في 5 أكتوبر - تشرين الأوّل. المنظّمة الأمم المتّحدة لاجئ كان وكالة ([أونهكر]) يقال على 3,900 أسرات (حوالي 20,000 فردات) قد عن تخلّى منازلهم في [بجور] وكالة من باكستان اتّحاديّا يدار مناطق قبليّة ([فتا]) وبحث مأوى في أفغانستان محافظة شرقيّة [كونر] على الأسابيع [بست فو]. الأفغانيّة حكومة تحذيريّة صدى رفع اهتمامات مماثلة بأخرى. "يخلق ال يستمرّ يتنازع في أفغانستان جنوبيّة والأكثر نزاع أخيرة في باكستان شماليّة حالة خطرة جدّا في المنطقة لمدنيات يحاول أن يجد مأوى. مع النهاية من الشهر مسلمة مقدّسة رمضان, هناك توقع أنّ سيترك [إفن موش] مدنيات منازلهم أن يتفادى ال يتنازع, "[أمنستي ينترنأيشنل] يقول في بيان في 3 أكتوبر - تشرين الأوّل. لاجئ أفغانيّة في [فتا]? قد أثر صدامات مسلّحة بين باكستانيّ أمن قوات و [إيسلميست] مناضلات يصحب مع [تليبن] في [فتا] وفي مكان آخر في باكستان الناس محلّية وأفغانيّة لاجئ يعيش هناك, معونة وكالات يقال. [إين ا بيد تو] أخليت ال [فتا] من [إيسلميست] متمردات, [كلّ ون] الحكومة باكستانيّ في 3 أكتوبر - تشرين الأوّل بشكل تقريريّ لاجئ أفغانيّة يعيش في [بجور] حافة منطقة أن يفرّغ المنطقة ضمن ثلاثة أيام. قال [ندر] [فرهد], ناطق بلسان ل ال [أونهكر] في كابول, هناك كان ما من يؤكّد تقارير من "يسجّل لاجئ أفغانيّة" يعيش في المناطق متطايرة قبليّة. "لا يتلقّى [أونهكر] منفذة إلى المناطق قبليّة ونحن لسنا مدركة من يسجّل لاجئ أفغانيّة هناك," [فرهد] يقال مراسلة, يضيف أنّ لاجئ مخيمات في [فتا] كان أغلقت إلى أسفل في 2005 [أت ث رقوست وف] الحكومة باكستانيّ. "قد رجا نحن السلطات باكستانيّ أن يضمن أنّ يسجّل لاجئ الذي يمكن ساكنة حيّة في ال [فتا] لا يجبرون أن يرجع إلى أفغانستان," [فرهد] يقال, يضيف أنّ الخيار أن ينقل في مكان آخر في باكستان ينبغي كنت جعلت يتوفّر إلى لاجئ. على حدّ سواء [مورّا] وال [أونهكر] يقول أيّ أفغانيات [أونرجسترد] يعيش في ال [فتا] أمكن كنت اعتبرت جديرة لعمليّة ترحيل قسريّة. إستجابة إنسانيّة أفغانيّة حكومة يعين أجسام وعدّة منظمات, مثل اللجنة دوليّة من ال [رد كروسّ], يسلّم طعام ومساندة [نون-فوود] إلى بعض لاجئ باكستانيّ في [كونر] محافظة, [مورّا] يقال. ما من كان أرقام يتوفّر. قال ال [أونهكر] هو كان قد وزّع مواد [نون-فوود] مثل صفاح بلاستيكيّة, أغطية, علب [جرّي] وفوانيس إلى أسرات وكان نسّق معونة أنشطة لاللاجئ باكستانيّ.

October 6, 2008 | 9:37 AM

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Promising Business Growth Prompts New Management Hires At Interbank FX / IBFX.com
On the heels of more than 128 percent growth in 2007, IBFX (www.IBFX.com), a leading provider of online foreign currency (Forex) trading, recently announced the appointments of Daren Thayne, Chris An and Carrie Matteson to the company's growing management team. Daren Thayne, who joined the company in November of 2007, came from The Generations Network (formerly MyFamily.com), where he served as

May 30, 2008 | 6:05 AM

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THE UNIVERSAL FLAG About this event: World Environmental Day Competition Related to country: Nigeria available in: English (original) \| French \| Spanish \| Italian \| German \| Portuguese \| Swedish \| Russian \| Dutch \| Arabic
The Universal Flag was created as a symbol of our Interconnection and Oneness with All. It is a signpost to help us remember the Truth of who we are. By consciously remembering this truth, we can begin to eliminate the fear and violence that exists, and make our world a more peaceful and harmonious place for our children and future generations. The Universal Flag embraces All, and can therefore, never represent any one particular group, race, religion, creed, or anything that creates the illusion of separateness. It is a symbol that transcends differences, while honoring the uniqueness and commonality of all people. LE DRAPEAU UNIVERSEL Automatically translated into French thanks to WorldLingo Le drapeau universel a été créé comme symbole de notre interconnexion et unité avec tous. C'est un poteau indicateur pour nous aider à nous rappeler la vérité de qui nous sommes. En se rappelant consciemment cette vérité, nous pouvons commencer à éliminer la crainte et la violence qui existe, et faisons à notre monde un endroit plus paisible et plus harmonieux pour nos enfants et générations de futur. Le drapeau universel embrasse tous, et peut donc, pour ne jamais représenter aucune un groupe, course, religion, foi, ou tout ce particulière qui créent l'illusion du separateness. C'est un symbole qui dépasse des différences, tout en honorant l'unicité et la vulgarisation de toutes les personnes. LA BANDERA UNIVERSAL Automatically translated into Spanish thanks to WorldLingo La bandera universal fue creada como símbolo de nuestra interconexión y Oneness con todos. Es un poste indicador para ayudarnos a recordar la verdad de quiénes somos. Consciente recordando esta verdad, podemos comenzar a eliminar el miedo y la violencia que existe, y hacemos nuestro mundo un lugar más pacífico y más armonioso para nuestros niños y generaciones del futuro. La bandera universal abraza todos, y puede por lo tanto, nunca para representar cualquier un grupo, raza, religión, credo, o cualquier cosa particular que cree la ilusión del separateness. Es un símbolo que supera diferencias, mientras que honra la unicidad y la concordancia de toda la gente. LA BANDIERINA UNIVERSALE Automatically translated into Italian thanks to WorldLingo La bandierina universale è stata generata come simbolo della nostri interconnessione ed Oneness con tutti. È un signpost per aiutarlo a ricordarsi della verità di chi siamo. Coscientemente ricordandoci di questa verità, possiamo cominciare ad eliminare il timore e la violenza che esiste e rendiamo al nostro mondo un posto più pacifico e più armonioso per i nostri bambini e generazioni di futuro. La bandierina universale abbraccia tutti e può quindi, per non rappresentare mai alcuna un gruppo, corsa, religione, dottrina religiosa, o qualche cosa particolare che generi l'illusione del separateness. È un simbolo che oltrepassa le differenze, mentre honoring unicità e la comunanza di tutta la gente. DIE UNIVERSALmarkierungsfahne Automatically translated into German thanks to WorldLingo Die Universalmarkierungsfahne wurde als Symbol unserer Verbindung und Einsseins mit allen hergestellt. Es ist ein Signpost, zum wir zu helfen, uns zu erinnern an die Wahrheit von, wem wir sind. Indem wir uns bewußt an diese Wahrheit erinnern, können wir anfangen, die Furcht und die Gewalttätigkeit zu beseitigen, die besteht, und bilden unsere Welt einen ruhigeren und harmonischeren Platz für unsere Kinder und Zukunfterzeugungen. Die Universalmarkierungsfahne umfaßt alle und kann, jede eine bestimmte Gruppe, Rennen, Religion, Kredo oder alles folglich nie darzustellen, das die Illusion von separateness verursacht. Es ist ein Symbol, das Unterschiede überschreitet, beim Ehren der Einzigartigkeit und der Allgemeinheit aller Leute. A BANDEIRA UNIVERSAL Automatically translated into Portuguese thanks to WorldLingo A bandeira universal foi criada como um símbolo de nossos interconexão e Oneness com o tudo. É um signpost para ajudar-nos recordar a verdade de quem nós somos. Consciously recordando esta verdade, nós podemos começar a eliminar o medo e a violência que existe, e fazemos a nosso mundo um lugar mais calmo e mais harmonious para nossas crianças e gerações do futuro. A bandeira universal embraces tudo, e pode conseqüentemente, para representar nunca todo o um grupo, raça, religião, credo, ou qualquer coisa particular que criar o illusion do separateness. É um símbolo que transcends diferenças, ao honrar o uniqueness e a comunalidade de todos os povos. UNIVERSALEN SJUNKER Automatically translated into Swedish thanks to WorldLingo Universalen sjunker skapades som ett symbol av vår sammankoppling och enhet med alla. Det är en signpost som hjälper oss att minnas sanningen av vem vi är. Genom medvetet att minnas denna sanning, kan gör vi börja att avlägsna skräcken och våld, som finns, och vår värld ett mer fridsam och harmoniskt att förlägga för våra barn och framtidsutvecklingar. Universalen sjunker alla omfamningar och kan därför, aldrig för att föreställa någon en särskild grupp, race, religion, bekännelse eller något som skapar illusionen av avskildheten. Det är ett symbol som överskrider skillnader, stunder som allra hedrar unikheten och folket för commonality. ВСЕОБЩИЙ ФЛАГ Automatically translated into Russian thanks to WorldLingo Всеобщий флаг был создан как символ наших соединения и Oneness с всеми. Это будет signpost, котор нужно помочь нам вспомнить правду мы. сознательно вспоминать эту правду, мы можем начать исключать страх и расправу который существует, и делаем нашим миром более мирное и более гармоничное место для наших детей и будущих поколений. Всеобщий флаг обнимает все, и может поэтому, никогда для того чтобы не представить NIKAKие одно определенные группу, гонку, вероисповедание, creed, или что-нибыдь которое создает иллюзион separateness. Будет символом переступает пределы разницы, пока удостоящ уникальности и общины всех людей. DE UNIVERSELE VLAG Automatically translated into Dutch thanks to WorldLingo De universele Vlag werd gecre�ërd als symbool van onze Interconnectie en Oneness met allen. Het is van wegwijzers voorziet om ons te helpen de Waarheid herinneren van wie wij zijn. Door deze waarheid bewust te herinneren, kunnen wij beginnen de vrees en het geweld te elimineren dat bestaat, en maken tot onze wereld een vreedzamere en harmonische plaats voor onze kinderen en toekomstige generaties. De universele Vlag omhelst allen, en kan daarom, nooit elke bepaalde groep, race, godsdienst, credo, of om het even wat vertegenwoordigen dat tot de illusie van separateness leiden. Het is een symbool dat verschillen, terwijl het eren van de uniciteit en de uniformiteit van alle mensen overtreft. الصخر لوحيّ عالميّة Automatically translated into Arabic thanks to WorldLingo خلقت الصخر لوحيّ عالميّة كان كرمز من نا ترابط و [أننسّ] مع كلّ. هو [سنبوست] أن يساعدنا تذكّرت الحقيقة من الذي نحن نكون. ب عمدا يتذكّر هذا حقيقة, نحن يستطيع بدأت أن يزيل الخوف وعنف أنّ يتواجد, ويجعل عالمنا أكثر سلميّة ومكان توافقيّة ل نا أطفال ومستقبل أجيال. يعتنق الصخر لوحيّ عالميّة كلّ, ويستطيع لذلك, أبدا مثّلت أيّ واحدة خاصّة مجموعة, جنس, دين, عقيدة, أو أيّ شيء أنّ يخلق الوهم ال [سبرتنسّ]. هو رمز أنّ يتجاوز فروق, بينما يشرّف الفرادة وعموميّ من كلّ الناس.

April 28, 2008 | 7:07 AM

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Conflict case studies - Asia
Related to country: Cambodia

Page contents

South East Asia
(Cambodia, Indonesia)

South Asia
(India, Nepal, Sri Lanka)

Central Asia
(Central Asian Republics, Afghanistan)

Cambodia
This article provides a chronology of Cambodian conflict from World War II to 2002, including the genocide and the role of the international community in the rise and fall of the Khmer Rouge.

Kiernan B., 2002, 'Conflict in Cambodia, 1945-2002', Critical Asian Studies, 34 (4), pp. 483-495
How did the geo-politics of the Far East, and in particular the policies of the US and China affect the recent history of Cambodia? Why did the United Nations prevaricate about recognising the genocide? While confrontation continues what are the related fates of democracy, the environment, and the rule of law in Cambodia’s development? This chapter from Critical Asian Studies on “Conflict and Change in Cambodia” introduces this investigation by explaining the complex historical background since 1945 and by summarising the other contributions.
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The following two articles question the compatibility of economic liberalisation, advocated by donor agencies, with post-conflict reconstruction and security sector reform in Cambodia.

Hendrickson, D., 2001, 'Globalisation, Insecurity and Post-War Reconstruction: Cambodia's Precarious Transition', IDS Bulletin, vol. 32 no. 2, 2001, pp. 98-106
Taking Cambodia as an example, this article argues that imposing rapid marketisation on a weak political and legal framework can increase socio-economic insecurity among vulnerable groups. Post-war reconstruction focusing on macro-economic stability exacerbated political tensions, while donors' desire to down-size the civil service conflicted with one of the key stabilising features of the first post-war coalition - the integration of members of the two incoming parties into the administration and security apparatus.
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Hendrickson, D., 2001, 'Cambodia's Security-Sector Reforms: Limits of a Downsizing Strategy', Conflict Security and Development, vol. 1, Issue 1, pp. 67-82
The IMF's loan assistance to Cambodia is conditional on economic liberalisation and stabilisation programmes, including a reduction in public spending. Military expenditure was judged excessive and thus a key security sector reform was downsizing. Demobilisation reforms were through the Cambodia Veteran's Assistance Programme (CVAP), re-established by the World Bank in 1999 after political obstacles hindered its implementation in 1994. However, a paper from the Conflict, Security and Development Group argues lessons were not learnt from previous, failed, reform efforts.
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Indonesia
This document takes an empirical approach to considering the nature of communal violence in Indonesia before and after the fall of President Soeharto in 1998.

Varshney, A., Panggabean, R. and Tadjoeddin, M.Z., 2004, 'Patterns of Collective Violence in Indonesia (1990-2003)', United Nations Support Facility for Indonesian Recovery (UNSFIR), Jakarta
Regardless of violent incidents, no systematic reports on conflict have been published by the Indonesian government, which has remained intent on maintaining the appearance of order and stability. How widespread is collective violence? What patterns of can be observed? This paper by the United Nations Support Facility for Indonesian Recovery is based on the first database ever constructed on group violence in Indonesia (in the period 1990-2003), and identifies various national, regional and local patterns of collective violence.
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This IDEA report considers challenges that Indonesia faces in the process of democratisation and identifies key areas for advocacy, policy and reform.

International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2000, 'Democratization in Indonesia: An Assessment', International IDEA: Stockholm
The fall of President Soeharto in 1998 triggered and created opportunity for democratic reform in Indonesia. What are the compelling democratisation issues for the government and the people of Indonesia? What recommendations can be made about the direction of the ongoing reform? This paper, a product of the Forum for Democratic Reform facilitated by the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, identifies the core issues for review and offers extensive recommendations for democratic reform in Indonesia.
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India
Despite the establishment of a secular state on independence, India continues to be troubled by internal inter-religious conflicts. The diverse population of India's Northeastern provinces has witnessed insurgent, secessionist and tribal conflict since its relative isolation from the rest of the country on Independence. This survey details conflict backgrounds, dynamics and official and civil society resolution attempts across the seven 'sister-states' of Northern India.

Sahni, A., 2002, 'Survey of Conflicts and Resolution in India's Northeast', Faultlines: Writings on Conflict and Resolution, Vol 12, South Asia Terrorism Portal and Institute for Conflict Management
India's Northeast has a long history of conflicts, corruption and terrorist violence. How are the conflicts to be defined and what methods of conflict resolution are appropriate? How should development and security be promoted in the region? While there have been several governmental peace initiatives, multi-track diplomacy and non-governmental organisations' peace activities are at an incipient stage. International interventions - direct or indirect - in any conflict resolution processes are not encouraged by the government, though mediated developmental interventions are sanctioned.
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This report reviews one of the most recent and disturbing incidents of communal violence in Gujarat, western India, 2002, including allegations of state collusion and recommendations for action.

Human Rights Watch, 2002, ''We Have No Orders To Save You': State Participation and Complicity in Communal Violence in Gujarat', Human Rights Watch report, 14, No 3 (C)
Communal violence rose in the state of Gujarat following the torching of two train cars carrying Hindu activists in February 2002. This report from Human Rights Watch overviews the fervent attacks, analyses the context of growing Hindu nationalism and state participation in violence, and provides recommendations to local and international powers to restore security and stability in the region
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Nepal
This document provides more detailed background information about the conflict and the 2003 ceasefire.

International Crisis Group, 2003, 'Nepal Backgrounder: Ceasefire - Soft Landing or Strategic Pause?', ICG Asia Report No 50, ICG, Brussels
The announcement of a ‘code of conduct’ which was reached between the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) and the government forces signalled an opportunity for a genuine peace in Nepal. However, each side continued to accuse the other of persistent violations and the situation remains fragile. What are the chances for genuine peace and stability in Nepal? This report by the International Crisis Group lays out the background of the conflict and analyses the positions of the various actors, both domestic and international.
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This brief paper presents an update after the collapse of the 2003 ceasefire.

International Crisis Group, 2003, 'Nepal: Back to the Gun', ICG Asia Briefing Paper October 2003, ICG, Brussels
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Sri Lanka
Twenty years of ethno-political conflict has precipitated insecurity and limited the impact of development across Sri Lanka. This conflict assessment analyses the conflict and resolution attempts in Sri Lanka in order to understand better the links between conflict and donor poverty reduction attempts.

Goodhand, J., 2001, 'Conflict Assessments: Aid, Conflict and Peace Building in Sri Lanka', Conflict, Security and Development Group, University of London, London
Donors increasingly recognise the need to understand better the links between development, conflict and poverty, and to design programmes that address the roots of conflict. This report for the Conflict, Security and Development Group at the University of London analyses how donors could improve their strategies in Sri Lanka, where violent conflict has prevented the country from reaching its potential.
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The following paper draws lessons from recent peace process attempts to make recommendations to all stakeholders for successful future peace negotiations.

Ferdinands, T., Rupesinghe, K., Saravanamutthu, et al., 2004, 'The Sri Lanka Peace Process at a Crossroads: Lessons, Opportunities and Ideas for Principled Negotiations and Conflict Transformation', Centre for Policy Alternatives, Colombo
The Government of Sri Lanka (GoSL) and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) need a negotiated settlement to the island's ethno-political conflict. There have been more than five decades of conflict for a more inclusive state and nearly two decades of civil war. What lessons, opportunities and ideas came from the Oslo Communiqué that could enhance the next phase of the peace process? Five authors, employed by Non-governmental organisations working in Sri Lanka, wrote this discussion document in a personal capacity.
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Central Asian Republics
The short history of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan since the demise of the Soviet Union has been turbulent, and the future appears unsettled. The region is troubled by ethnic tensions, border disputes, poverty and natural resource shortages. This report focuses on border disputes as a potential source of conflict.

International Crisis Group, 2002, 'Central Asia: Border Disputes and Conflict Potential', ICG Asia Report No 33, ICG, Osh/Brussels
How can peaceful resolution of border disputes be achieved? What would the benefits be? This study by the International Crisis Group describes how the borders of the states of Central Asia, drawn up by the Soviets in 1920s, often followed neither natural geographic boundaries nor strict ethnic lines. For independent states these international borders create considerable conflict. Following a decade of mainly antagonistic attempts to re-define them and resolve the conflicts, this report suggests alternative ways to proceed.
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This report explores state relations with Islam in case studies from Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and the potential this raises for instability.

International Crisis Group, 2003, 'Central Asia: Islam and the State', ICG Asia Report No 59, ICG, Osh/Brussels
To avoid future instability, Central Asian states need to re-examine their policies towards Islam. This report from the International Crisis Group looks at Islam in Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. It argues that these governments need to undermine support for extremist groups through policies of political liberalisation, economic reform and effective governance.
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The following report is the first of a series of case studies on the Global Conflict Prevention Pool, covering Chechnya, Georgia and Kyrgyzstan.

Austin, G. and Bergne, P., 2004, 'Russia and the Former Soviet Union', Evaluation of the Conflict Prevention Pools Case Study, DFID
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Vaux, T., and Goodhand, J., 2001, 'Conflict Assessments: Disturbing Connections: Aid and Conflict in Kyrgyzstan', The Conflict, Security and Development Group, University of London, London
How do development assistance and conflict dynamics interact in Central Asia? This report, published by the Conflict, Security and Development Group at the University of London, looks at sources of conflict in Kyrgyzstan from the viewpoint of the aid donor. It analyses how development policy and practice could be made more sensitive to the dynamics of conflict and peace.
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Cramer, C. and Goodhand, J., 2002, 'Try Again, Fail Again, Fail Better? War, the State and the 'Post-Conflict' Challenge in Afghanistan', Development and Change, vol. 33, no. 5, pp.885-909
Peace and reconstruction in Afghanistan require a significant expansion of institutionalised economic interdependence. This must build on existing patterns of interdependence, despite these being forged in a war economy. The article argues that an effective, centralised state, with a clear monopoly of violence, is necessary. This argument challenges standard international policy paradigms of reconstruction and points to an alternative basis for international engagement in Afghanistan.
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Afghanistan
The recent history of Afghanistan is narrated by religious based conflict, most recently punctuated by the US attack against the Taliban regime. This essay provides an historical and political analysis of conflict and state formation in Afghanistan in order to inform future international engagement.

Strategies for peace-building in Afghanistan were articulated in Bonn in 2001. Responding to the Bonn Agreement, this paper advocates a long-term perspective on peace-building and reconstruction in Afghanistan.

Wimmer, A. and Schetter, C. 2002, 'State - Formation First: Recommendations for Reconstruction and Peace-Making in Afghanistan', Journal of International Development, Volume 15, Issue 5 , pp. 525 - 539
This discussion paper recommends revisions of the programme for reconstruction and peace-making in Afghanistan, as defined at conferences in Bonn and Tokyo. The programme needs to take a more long-term perspective; have a clearer strategic vision and be better adapted to Afghanistan's situation. It must be designed to overcome political fractures through state-building rather than through 'civil society', the current focus of development policies. Recent Security Council decisions are moving in the right direction, opting for aid to be coordinated through the transitional government and suitable local authorities rather than a special UN organisation.

This report critically assesses the progress in peace-building and reconstruction two years after Bonn, and considers the policy agenda that lies ahead.

Suhrke, A., Harpviken, K.B. and Strand, A., 2004, 'Conflictual Peacebuilding: Afghanistan Two Years after Bonn', Chr. Michelsen Institute (CMI), Norway
The Bonn Agreement established a transitional regime for Afghanistan. How far has peace-building progressed after two decades of conflict? Have the strategies been right? This paper from the Chr. Michelsen Institute (CMI), Norway reviews the developments since Bonn. It recommends new guidelines for peace-building strategies and a more specific role for Norway’s involvement in Afghanistan.